如何計(jì)算樓梯尺寸和設(shè)計(jì)（做石材樓梯裝飾、施工的朋友可以參考）

How to Calculate Staircase Dimensions and Designs



這個問題非常基礎(chǔ)，你也許知道答案，但是了解一些基本的計(jì)算原則也很必要，這樣能夠簡化平時的設(shè)計(jì)過程。

我們都知道，樓梯由一系列踏步、休息平臺、踢面組成。雖然在設(shè)計(jì)中各個元素有些許不同，但是踏步、平臺、踢面是樓梯的基本組成部分，每個踏步相較下一級踏步的投影會突出一小塊，這一小塊部分與樓梯的整體尺寸無關(guān)。

法國建筑師François Blondel總結(jié)了一系列的計(jì)算公式，可以幫助設(shè)計(jì)師根據(jù)不同的使用狀況來確定樓梯的細(xì)部尺寸。

This question can be basic and you may know the answer, but it's always good to remember some elementary calculations that help us to streamline the design process.

As we know, a staircase consists basically of a series of steps, which in turn consist of a tread (the horizontal part, where the foot will rest) and a riser (the vertical part). Although it can vary in its design, each step must also have one or more landings, handrails, and a small nosing. The latter protrudes from the tread over the lower step, allowing to increase its size without adding centimeters to the overall dimensions of the staircase.

Check the effective formula developed by French architect François Blondel, which allows you to determine the correct dimensions of a comfortable and efficient staircase according to its use.



José Tomás Franco

2個踢面+1個踏面=63-65 cm

并不是所有的空間都能夠剛好達(dá)到這個數(shù)值，但設(shè)計(jì)時可以盡量地滿足。

樓梯踏步示意圖

(2 x 21) + (1 x 21) = 63 cm

2 Risers + 1 Tread = 63-65 cm

The necessary space to reach these optimal dimensions is not always available, but it's recommended to approach them as much as possible.

A schematic example of a steep and low-transit staircase

(2 x 21) + (1 x 21) = 63 cm



21x21 cm / Schematic example. Image José Tomás Franco

最佳樓梯尺寸設(shè)計(jì)示意圖

(2 x 18) + (1 x 28) = 64 cm

A schematic example of an optimal staircase

(2 x 18) + (1 x 28) = 64 cm



28x18 cm / Schematic example. Image José Tomás Franco

排布較寬松的樓梯尺寸示意圖，適用于室外樓梯

(2 x 13) + (1 x 39) = 65 cm

A schematic example of a loose staircase, preferably for outdoor use

(2 x 13) + (1 x 39) = 65 cm



39x13 cm / Schematic example. Image José Tomás Franco

以下為層高2.6米的樓梯尺寸計(jì)算實(shí)例

1、計(jì)算所需踏步數(shù)量

假設(shè)一個踏步高度為18厘米，可以將層高除以每個踏步的高度，最后結(jié)果四舍五入：

260/18 = 14.44 = 15 級

2、計(jì)算每個踏步的高度

將建筑層高除以剛才計(jì)算得出的踏步數(shù)量

260/15 = 17.33 cm，就是每個踏步的所需高度

3、計(jì)算踏面寬度

直接應(yīng)用Blondel公式：

(2 x 17.33 cm) + (1 x 踏面寬度) = 64

因此每個踏面寬度為29.34 cm

結(jié)論：樓梯將有15級踏步，踏面尺寸為29.34厘米，踏步高度為17.33厘米。

Sample calculation of a staircase that should be 2.60 meters high

1. Calculate the number of steps that will be needed

Considering an ideal riser of 18 cm, the height of the space is divided by the height of each step. The result should always be rounded up:

260/18 = 14.44 = 15 steps

2. Calculate the height of each riser

The height of the space is divided by the number of steps that we have just obtained:

260/15 = 17.33 cm height for each riser

3. Calculate the width of the tread

Apply the Blondel formula:

(2 x 17.33 cm) + (1 x tread) = 64

Each tread will measure 29.34 cm

* The resulting staircase will have 15 steps of 29.34 cm of tread and 17.33 cm of riser



Schematic example. Image José Tomás Franco

常見問題解答

如何確定樓梯的寬度？

根據(jù)具體使用狀況和當(dāng)?shù)匾?guī)定，單身公寓的樓梯最小寬度為80厘米，公共建筑中的樓梯寬度最好大于1米。另外，Ernst Neufert所著的傳統(tǒng)書目《Architects' Data》之中，作者寫道，寬度為1.25米的樓梯可以滿足兩個人同時上下，而寬度為1.85米的樓梯則可以滿足3個人同時上下，另外在人與扶手之間能夠保留55厘米的適當(dāng)距離。

樓層樓梯的踏步總數(shù)應(yīng)該設(shè)置為多少？

理想狀況來說，樓梯最好不要超過15級踏步，因此人們在走完15級踏步之后就應(yīng)該來到另一樓層。另外，樓梯踏步最少不得少于3級。

樓梯間的凈高為多少？

踏步區(qū)域的凈高至少為2.15米。根據(jù)Ernst Neufert的說法，至少應(yīng)該達(dá)到2米。而扶手的高度則在80厘米至90厘米之間。

如何改變踏步高度和寬度之間的比例關(guān)系？

每座樓梯都可以有不同的形狀和數(shù)據(jù)，但踏步高度和寬度之間的關(guān)系盡量保持一致，反之會給使用者帶來不便，因?yàn)槿藗冊谛羞M(jìn)中具有一定的慣性作用。

以上公式能夠幫助設(shè)計(jì)師對樓梯踏步進(jìn)行計(jì)算，但由于每個項(xiàng)目的特殊性，以及每個地區(qū)的法律規(guī)范，計(jì)算時仍然應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守當(dāng)?shù)氐囊?guī)定，該公式只是提供一種思路，而非固定模式。